Time flies; it passes; it marches on. Time can be hard, ripe, rough or sharp. It can be saved, spent, managed.
I make dinner reservations ahead of time, and push back deadlines. I look forward to Christmas in New York. My teenaged years are over (woohoo!).
‘Time’ is the most common noun in English, and all of the various ways I talk about time feel…right. But other languages have different (and to me, peculiar) ways of describing the concept. In Indonesian, for example, verbs don’t have tenses: ‘I sit’ equals ‘I sat’ equals ‘I am going to sit’. In Aymara, a language spoken in the Andean highlands in South America, the past is said to be in front of you, and the future behind you. Mandarin speakers use vertical metaphors: earlier events are ‘up’ (shàng) whereas later events are ‘down’ (xià).
Do these sorts of linguistic variations reflect differences in the way we think?
It’s a controversial question, but new studies from Lera Boroditsky‘s lab at Stanford University say that yes, the way people talk about time matches the way they think about it.
I’ll start with my native tongue. English is read from left to right, and many English metaphors of time (step by step; long time; short time; passing time; timeline) place it on a horizontal plane.
In one of Boroditsky’s signature experiments, she gives participants four cards, each depicting a different stage of the same event, such as a chick hatching from an egg. When asked to arrange the cards in order, it turns out that native English speakers put the earliest event on the left and the latest on the right. But native Hebrew speakers, who read from right to left, place the cards in the opposite order, so that they progress from right to left.
In a similar paper published last week in Cognition, Boroditsky found that native Mandarin speakers have no trouble ordering photos — head shots of Woody Allen at different ages — on a vertical plane, with younger photos at the top and older ones at the bottom. (In contrast, English speakers require significantly more time to do vertical ordering than horizontal.)
Other cultural forces can also influence our perception of time. Australian Aborigines have an enviable sense of direction: they can always point to the north, south, east or west, with high precision. Even in their language, they use absolute, rather than relative directions (“My mother is standing to the south of my father”). As Boroditsky reported October 19 in Psychological Science, they seem to use this internal compass to think about time, too. When asked to temporally arrange photos, they usually line them up from east to west.
The cultural differences are fascinating in and of themselves. But it’s the potential implications — for diplomacy, stock markets, communications and health — that make this such a hot topic. To give just one provocative example: a 1963 study found a link between young children’s conception of time and the likelihood that they’ll steal.
**
Last week, 3quarksdaily published a short video interview with Dr. Boroditsky, which discusses some of the broader implications of her work. And last month, she and Joshua Knobe, of Yale, talked in depth about how language shapes not only how we think about time, but about color, gender and numbers.
‘Eternal Clock’ image courtesy of Robbert van der Steeg, via Flickr
This post was originally published on The Last Word on Nothing
Go Further
Animals
- Octopuses have a lot of secrets. Can you guess 8 of them?
- Animals
- Feature
Octopuses have a lot of secrets. Can you guess 8 of them? - This biologist and her rescue dog help protect bears in the AndesThis biologist and her rescue dog help protect bears in the Andes
- An octopus invited this writer into her tank—and her secret worldAn octopus invited this writer into her tank—and her secret world
- Peace-loving bonobos are more aggressive than we thoughtPeace-loving bonobos are more aggressive than we thought
Environment
- Listen to 30 years of climate change transformed into haunting musicListen to 30 years of climate change transformed into haunting music
- This ancient society tried to stop El Niño—with child sacrificeThis ancient society tried to stop El Niño—with child sacrifice
- U.S. plans to clean its drinking water. What does that mean?U.S. plans to clean its drinking water. What does that mean?
- Food systems: supporting the triangle of food security, Video Story
- Paid Content
Food systems: supporting the triangle of food security - Will we ever solve the mystery of the Mima mounds?Will we ever solve the mystery of the Mima mounds?
History & Culture
- Strange clues in a Maya temple reveal a fiery political dramaStrange clues in a Maya temple reveal a fiery political drama
- How technology is revealing secrets in these ancient scrollsHow technology is revealing secrets in these ancient scrolls
- Pilgrimages aren’t just spiritual anymore. They’re a workout.Pilgrimages aren’t just spiritual anymore. They’re a workout.
- This ancient society tried to stop El Niño—with child sacrificeThis ancient society tried to stop El Niño—with child sacrifice
- This ancient cure was just revived in a lab. Does it work?This ancient cure was just revived in a lab. Does it work?
Science
- The unexpected health benefits of Ozempic and MounjaroThe unexpected health benefits of Ozempic and Mounjaro
- Do you have an inner monologue? Here’s what it reveals about you.Do you have an inner monologue? Here’s what it reveals about you.
- Jupiter’s volcanic moon Io has been erupting for billions of yearsJupiter’s volcanic moon Io has been erupting for billions of years
- This 80-foot-long sea monster was the killer whale of its timeThis 80-foot-long sea monster was the killer whale of its time
Travel
- How to plan an epic summer trip to a national parkHow to plan an epic summer trip to a national park
- This town is the Alps' first European Capital of CultureThis town is the Alps' first European Capital of Culture
- This royal city lies in the shadow of Kuala LumpurThis royal city lies in the shadow of Kuala Lumpur
- This author tells the story of crypto-trading Mongolian nomadsThis author tells the story of crypto-trading Mongolian nomads